Most of the commands used for controlling instruments on the GPIB are SCPI commands. The following sections will help you learn to use SCPI commands in your programs.
Other Topics about GPIB Concepts
All major functions on the analyzer are assigned keywords which are called ROOT commands. (See GPIB Command Finder for a list of SCPI root commands). Under these root commands are branches that contain one or more keywords. The branching continues until each analyzer function is assigned to a branch. A root command and the branches below it is sometimes known as a subsystem.
For example, under SOURce:POWer are several branch commands.
Sometimes the same keyword, such as STATE, is used in several branches of the command tree. To keep track of the current branch, the analyzer's command parser uses the following rules:
Power On and Reset - After power is cycled or after *RST, the current path is set to the root level commands.
Message Terminators - A message terminator, such as a <NL> character, sets the current path to the root command level. Many programming language output statements send message terminators automatically. Message terminators are described in Sending Messages to the Analyzer.
Colon (:) - When a colon is between two command keywords, it moves the current path down one level in the command tree. For example, the colon in :SOURCE:POWER specifies that POWER is one level below SOURCE. When the colon is the first character of a command, it specifies that the following keyword is a root level command. For example, the colon in :SOURCE specifies that source is a root level command.
Note: You can omit the leading colon if the command is the first of a new program line. For example, the following two commands are equivalent:
SOUR:POW:ATT:AUTO
:SOUR:POW:ATT:AUTO
<WSP> - Whitespace characters, such as <tab> and <space>, are generally ignored. There are two important exceptions:
Whitespace inside a keyword, such as :CALC ULATE, is not allowed.
Most commands end with a parameter. You must use whitespace to separate these ending parameters from commands. Always refer to the command documentation. In the following example, there is whitespace between STATE and ON.
CALCULATE1:SMOOTHING:STATE ON
Comma (,) - If a command requires more than one parameter, you must separate adjacent parameters using a comma. For example, the SYSTEM:TIME command requires three values to set the analyzer clock: one for hours, one for minutes, and one for seconds. A message to set the clock to 8:45 AM would be SYSTEM:TIME 8,45,0. Commas do not affect the current path.
Semicolon(;) - A semicolon separates two commands in the same message without changing the current path. See Multiple Commands later in this topic.
IEEE 488.2 Common Commands - Common commands, such as *RST, are not part of any subsystem. An instrument interprets them in the same way, regardless of the current path setting.
A SCPI command can be an Event command, Query command (a command that asks the analyzer for information), or both. The following are descriptions and examples of each form of command. GPIB Command Finder lists every SCPI command that is recognized by the analyzer, and its form.
|
Form |
Examples |
|
Event commands - cause an action to occur inside the analyzer. |
:INITIATE:IMMEDIATE |
|
Query commands - query only; there is no associated analyzer state to set. |
:SYSTem:ERRor? |
|
Command and query - set or query an analyzer setting. The query form appends a question mark (?) to the set form |
:FORMat:DATA ! Command |
You can send multiple commands within a single program message. By separating the commands with semicolons the current path does not change. The following examples show three methods to send two commands:
Two program messages:
SOURCE:POWER:START 0DBM
SOURCE:POWER:STOP 10DBM
One long message. A colon follows the semicolon that separates the two commands causing the command parser to reset to the root of the command tree. As a result, the next command is only valid if it includes the entire keyword path from the root of the tree:
SOURCE:POWER:START 0DBM;:SOURCE:POWER:STOP 10DBM
One short message. The command parser keeps track of the position in the command tree. Therefore, you can simplify your program messages by including only the keyword at the same level in the command tree.
SOURCE:POWER:START 0DBM;STOP 10DBM
Common Commands and SCPI Commands
You can send Common commands and SCPI commands together in the same message. (For more information on these types of commands see GP-IB Fundamentals.) As in sending multiple SCPI commands, you must separate them with a semicolon.
Example of Common command and SCPI commands together
*RST;SENSE:FREQUENCY:CENTER 5MHZ;SPAN 100KHZ
Each command has a long form and an abbreviated short form. The syntax used in this Help system use uppercase characters to identify the short form of a particular keyword. The remainder of the keyword is lower case to complete the long form.
SOUR - Short form
SOURce - Long form
Either the complete short form or complete long form must be used for each keyword. However, the keywords used to make a complete SCPI command can be a combination of short form and long form.
The following is unacceptable - The first three keywords use neither short or long form.
SOURc:Powe:Atten:Auto on
The following is acceptable - All keywords are either short form or long form.
SOUR:POWer:ATT:AUTO on
In addition, the analyzer accepts lowercase and uppercase characters as equivalent as shown in the following equivalent commands:
source:POW:att:auto ON
Source:Pow:Att:Auto on
You can omit some keywords without changing the effect of the command. These optional, or default, keywords are used in many subsystems and are identified by brackets in syntax diagrams.
Example of Optional Keywords
The HCOPy subsystem contains the optional keyword IMMediate at its first branching point. Both of the following commands are equivalent:
"HCOPY:IMMEDIATE"
"HCOPY"
The syntax in this Help system looks like this:
HCOPy[:IMMediate]
Vertical bars, or "pipes", can be read as "or". They are used in syntax diagrams to separate alternative parameter options.
Example of Vertical Bars:
SOURce:POWer:ATTenuation:AUTO <on|off>
Either ON or OFF is a valid parameter option.
The special form parameters "MINimum" and "MAXimum" can be used with commands that specify single frequency (Hz) and time (seconds) as noted in the command documentation. Note: Also with these commands, kHZ, MHz, and GHz are accepted as suffixes/units.
The short form (min) and long form (minimum) of these two keywords are equivalent.
MAXimum refers to the largest value that the function can currently be set to
For example, the following command sets the start frequency to the smallest value that is currently possible:
SENS:FREQ:START MIN
In addition, the max and min values can also be queried for these commands.
For example, the following command returns the smallest value that Start Frequency can currently be set to:
SENS:FREQ:START? MIN
An error will be returned if a numeric parameter is sent that exceeds the MAX and MIN values.
For example, the following command will return an "Out of range" error message.
SENS:FREQ:START 1khz