Proper connector care is critical for accurate and repeatable measurements. The following information will help you preserve the precision and extend the life of your connectors - saving both time and money.
Connector Care Quick Reference Guide
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Handling and Storing Connectors |
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Do |
Do Not |
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Keep connectors clean Protect connectors with plastic end caps Keep connector temperature same as analyzer |
Touch mating-plane surfaces Set connectors contact-end down Store connectors loose in box or drawer |
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Visual Inspection |
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Do |
Do Not |
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Inspect connectors with magnifying glass. Look for metal debris, deep scratches or dents |
Use a connector with a bent or broken center conductor Use a connector with deformed threads |
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Cleaning Connectors |
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Do |
Do Not |
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Clean surfaces first with clean, dry compressed air Use lint-free swab or brush Use minimum amount of alcohol Clean outer conductor mating surface and threads |
Use high pressure air (>60 psi) Use any abrasives Allow alcohol into connector support beads Apply lateral force to center conductor |
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Gaging Connectors |
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Do |
Do Not |
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Inspect and clean gage, gage master and device tested Use correct torque wrench zero gage before use Use multiple measurements and keep record of readings |
Use an out of specification connector Hold connector gage by the dial |
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Making Connections |
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Do |
Do Not |
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Align connectors first Rotate only the connector nut Use correct torque wrench |
Cross thread the connection Twist connector body to make connection Mate different connector types |
When cleaning connectors:
Always use protective eyewear when using compressed air or nitrogen.
Keep isopropyl alcohol away from heat, sparks and flame. Use with adequate ventilation. Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing.
Avoid electrostatic discharge (ESD). Wear a grounded wrist strap (having a 1 MW series resistor) when cleaning device, cable or test port connectors.
Even though calibration standards, cables, and test set connectors are designed and manufactured to the highest standards, all connectors have a limited service life. This means that connectors can become defective due to wear during normal use. For best results, all connectors should be inspected and maintained to maximize their service life.
Visual Inspection should be performed each time a connection is made. Metal particles from connector threads often find their way onto the mating surface when a connection is made or disconnected. See Inspection procedure.
Cleaning the dirt and contamination from the connector mating plane surfaces and threads can extend the service life of the connector and improve the quality of your calibration and measurements. See Cleaning procedure.
Gaging connectors not only provides assurance of proper mechanical tolerances, and thus connector performance, but also indicate situations where the potential for damage to another connector may exist. See Gaging procedure.
Proper connector care and connection techniques yield:
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Longer Service Life |
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Higher Performance |
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Better Repeatability |
The three connector grades (levels of quality) for the popular connector families are listed below. Some specialized types may not have all three grades.
Production grade connectors are the lowest grade and the least expensive. It is the connector grade most commonly used on the typical device under test (DUT). It has the lowest performance of all connectors due to its loose tolerances. This means that production grade connectors should always be carefully inspected before making a connection to the analyzer. Some production grade connectors are not intended to mate with metrology grade connectors.
Instrument grade is the middle grade of connectors. It is mainly used in and with test instruments, most cables and adapters, and some calibration standards. It provides long life with good performance and tighter tolerances. It may have a dielectric supported interface and therefore may not exhibit the excellent match of a metrology grade connector.
Metrology grade connectors have the highest performance and the highest cost of all connector grades. This grade is used on calibration standards, verification standards, and precision adapters. Because it is a high precision connector, it can withstand many connections and disconnections and, thus, has the longest life of all connector grades. This connector grade has the closest material and geometric specifications. Pin diameter and pin depth are very closely specified. Metrology grade uses an air dielectric interface and a slotless female contact which provide the highest performance and traceability.
Note: In general, Metrology grade connectors should not be mated with Production grade connectors.
Make sure to use a high quality (Instrument grade or better) adapter when adapting a different connector type to the analyzer test ports. It is a good idea to use an adapter even when the device under test is the same connector type as the analyzer test ports. In both cases, it will help extend service life, and protect the test ports from damage and costly repair.
The adapter must be fully inspected before connecting it to the analyzer test port and inspected and cleaned frequently thereafter. Because calibration standards are connected to the adapter, the adapter should be the highest quality to provide acceptable RF performance and minimize the effects of mismatch.
An important concept in RF and microwave measurements is the reference plane. For a network analyzer, this is the surface that all measurements are referenced to. At calibration, the reference plane is defined as the plane where the mating plane surfaces of the measurement port and the calibration standards meet. Good connections (and calibrations) depend on perfectly flat contact between connectors at all points on the mating plane surfaces (as shown in the following graphic).
Connector gages are important tools used to measure center conductor pin depth in connectors. Connector pin depth, measured in terms of recession or protrusion, is generally the distance between the mating plane and the end of the center conductor, or the shoulder of the center conductor for a stepped male pin.
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RECESSION |
PROTRUSION |
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Pin depth is negative (recession) if the center conductor is recessed below the outer conductor mating plane, usually referred to as the "reference plane". Pin depth is positive (protrusion) if the center conductor projects forward from the connector reference plane.
1. Recession of female contact
2. Recession of male pin shoulder
Type-N connectors have the mating plane of the center conductors offset from the connector reference plane. In this case the zero setting "gage masters" generally offset the nominal distance between the center conductor mating plane and the connector reference plane.
Before using a connector or adapter the first time.
When visual inspection or electrical performance suggests the connector interface may be out of range.
After every 100 connections, depending on use.
Connector gages (those included with calibration and verification kits), are capable of performing coarse measurements only. This is due to the repeatability uncertainties associated with the measurement. It is important to recognize that test port connectors and calibration standards have mechanical specifications that are extremely precise. Only special gaging processes and electrical testing (performed in a calibration lab) can accurately verify the mechanical characteristics of these devices. The pin depth specifications in the Keysight calibration kit manuals provide a compromise between the pin depth accuracy required, and the accuracy of the gages. The gages shipped with calibration and verification kits allow you to measure connector pin depth and avoid damage from out-of-specification connectors.
Note: Before gaging any connector, the mechanical specifications provided with that connector or device should be checked.
Wear a grounded wrist strap (having a 1 MW series resistor).
Select proper gage for device under test (DUT).
Inspect and clean gage, gage master, and DUT.
Zero the connector gage.
While holding gage by the barrel, carefully connect gage master to gage. Finger-tighten connector nut only.
Use proper torque wrench to make final connection. If needed, use additional wrench to prevent gage master (body) from turning. Gently tap the barrel to settle the gage.
The gage pointer should line up exactly with the zero mark on gage. If not, adjust "zero set" knob until gage pointer reads zero. On gages having a dial lock screw and a movable dial, loosen the dial lock screw and move the dial until the gage pointer reads zero. Gages should be zeroed before each set of measurements to make sure zero setting has not changed.
Remove gage master.
Gage the device under test.
While holding gage by the barrel, carefully connect DUT to gage. Finger-tighten connector nut only.
Use proper torque wrench to make final connection and, if needed, use additional wrench to prevent DUT (body) from turning. Gently tap the barrel to settle the gage.
Read gage indicator dial for recession or protrusion and compare reading with device specifications.
Caution: If the gage indicates excessive protrusion or recession, the connector should be marked for disposal or sent out for repair.
For maximum accuracy, measure the device a minimum of three times and take an average of the readings. After each measurement, rotate the gage a quarter-turn to reduce measurement variations.
If there is doubt about measurement accuracy, be sure the temperatures of the parts have stabilized. Then perform the cleaning, zeroing, and measuring procedure again.
Wear a grounded wrist strap (having a 1 MW series resistor).
Use a magnifying glass (>10X) and inspect connector for the following:
Badly worn plating or deep scratches
Deformed threads
Metal particles on threads and mating plane surfaces
Bent, broken, or mis-aligned center conductors
Poor connector nut rotation
Caution: A damaged or out-of-specification device can destroy a good connector attached to it even on the first connection. Any connector with an obvious defect should be marked for disposal or sent out for repair.
Wear a grounded wrist strap (having a 1 MW series resistor).
Use clean, low-pressure air to remove loose particles from mating plane surfaces and threads. Inspect connector thoroughly. If additional cleaning is required, continue with the following steps.
Moisten–do not saturate–a lint-free swab with isopropyl alcohol.
Clean contamination and debris from mating plane surfaces and threads. When cleaning interior surfaces, avoid exerting pressure on center conductor and keep swab fibers from getting trapped in the female center conductor.
Let alcohol evaporate–then use compressed air to blow surfaces clean.
Inspect connector. Make sure no particles or residue remains.
If defects are still visible after cleaning, the connector itself may be damaged and should not be used. Determine the cause of damage before making further connections.
Wear a grounded wrist strap (having a 1 MW series resistor).
Inspect, clean, and gage connectors. All connectors must be undamaged, clean, and within mechanical specification.
Carefully align center axis of both devices. The center conductor pin–from the male connector–must slip concentrically into the contact finger of the female connector.
Carefully push the connectors straight together so they can engage smoothly. Rotate the connector nut (not the device itself) until finger-tight, being careful not to cross the threads.
Use a torque wrench to make final connection. Tighten until the "break" point of the torque wrench is reached. Do not push beyond initial break point. Use additional wrench, if needed, to prevent device body from turning.
Support the devices to avoid any twisting, rocking or bending force on either connector.
Use an open-end wrench to prevent the device body from turning.
Use another open-end wrench to loosen the connector nut.
Complete the disconnection by hand, turning only the connector nut.
Pull the connectors straight apart.
Make sure torque wrench is set to the correct torque setting.
Position torque wrench and a second wrench (to hold device or cable) within 90° of each other before applying force. Make sure to support the devices to avoid putting stress on the connectors.
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HOLD |
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CORRECT |
INCORRECT METHOD |
(TOO MUCH LIFT) |
Hold torque wrench lightly at the end of handle–then apply force perpendicular to the torque wrench handle. Tighten until the "break" point of the torque wrench is reached. Do not push beyond initial break point.
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TORQUE DIRECTION |
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STOP WHEN HANDLE BEGINS TO YIELD |
Install protective end caps when connectors are not in use.
Never store connectors, airlines, or calibration standards loose in a box. This is a common cause of connector damage.
Keep connector temperature the same as analyzer. Holding the connector in your hand or cleaning connector with compressed air can significantly change the temperature. Wait for connector temperature to stabilize before using in calibration or measurements.
Do not touch mating plane surfaces. Natural skin oils and microscopic particles of dirt are difficult to remove from these surfaces.
Do not set connectors contact-end down on a hard surface. The plating and mating plane surfaces can be damaged if the interface comes in contact with any hard surface.
Wear a grounded wrist strap and work on a grounded, conductive table mat. This helps protect the analyzer and devices from electrostatic discharge (ESD).
