Standards Tab

Allows you to Add, Edit or Delete cal standards in a cal kit.

Add Standard (Open, Short, Load, Thru, or Data-based)

Open Standard

C0, C1, C2, C3  Specifies the fringing capacitance.

These are the unique fields of the dialog. See the areas that are common to all standards.

Short Standard

L0, L1, L2, L3  Specifies the residual inductance.

Load Standard

Choose from the following

Fixed Load  Specifies the load type as Fixed. The fixed load is assumed to be a perfect termination without reflection.

Sliding Load

A sliding load is defined by making multiple measurements of the device with the sliding load element positioned at various marked positions of a long transmission line. The transmission line is assumed to have zero reflections and the load element has a finite reflection that can be mathematically removed using a least squares circle fitting method.

A sliding load cal can be very accurate when performed perfectly. It can also be very inaccurate when not using proper technique. For accurate results, closely follow the users manual instructions for the sliding load.

Arbitrary Impedance  

Specifies the load type that has an impedance value different from system Z0.  An arbitrary impedance device is similar to a fixed load except that the load impedance is NOT perfect. Early firmware releases of the VNA series used a fixed resistance value. A complex terminating impedance has been added to allow for more accurate modeling of circuit board or on-wafer devices.

The following Complex Impedance settings are available ONLY when Arbitrary Impedance is selected.

1. • Real  The real portion of the impedance value.

   • Imaginary  The imaginary portion of the impedance value.

Offset Load

Using an Offset Load standard results in a more accurate calibration than with a Broadband Load. Therefore, when performing a calibration using one of the modified Cal Kit definitions, you may be prompted to connect more standards than before this change. To revert to using the Broadband Load Standard without offset, do the following:

1. Press Cal > Cal Sets & Cal Kits > Cal Kit....

2. At the Manage Cal Kit dialog box, click Edit....

3. Select the SOLT tab.

4. Under the Calibration Kit Classes, select SC (Loads)

5. Under Selected Standards, select Broadband Load, then click Move Up until the standard is at the top of the list. This will ensure that the Broadband Load is used first.

About Offset Load

An offset load is a compound standard consisting of a load element and two known offset elements (transmission lines) of different length. The shorter offset element can be a zero-length (Flush-thru) offset. The load element is defined as a 1-port reflection standard. An offset load standard is used when the response of the offset elements are more precisely known than the response of the load element. This is the case with waveguide. Measurement of an offset load standard consists of two measurements, one with each of the two offset elements terminated by the load element. The frequency range of the offset load standard should be set so that there will be at least a 20 degree separation between the expected response of each measurement.

To specify more than two offset elements, define multiple offset load standards. In cases where more than two offsets are used, the frequency range may be extended as the internal algorithm at each frequency will search through all of the possible combinations of offsets to find the pair with the widest expected separation to use in determining the actual response of the load element.

The following Offset Load settings are available ONLY when Offset Load is selected.

1. • First Offset Standard

   • Second Offset Standard  

   • Load Standard  

Thru Standard

Connectors - Defines connector type at both ends of the Thru standard.

Virtual Device

Most cal kits have only one Thru standard definition for SOLT calibrations. For these cases, use the default selections (checked for zero-length Thrus and cleared for non-zero-length Thrus).

This checkbox is used to make forward and reverse measurements of your Thru standard for the same pair of ports in two separate steps.

When checked, calibration prompts involving that Thru will omit the Description. For example “Connect port 1 to port 2”. This is the common prompt for Flush-Thru standards.

When cleared, calibration prompts for that Thru will include the Description. For example “Connect <standard description> between ports 1 and 2”. This is NOT common for zero-length (Flush) Thru standards.

To make forward and reverse measurements of your Thru standard for the same pair of ports as two separate steps, do the following:

1. Create separate definitions of the Thru standard(s) using the same settings, except for the Label and Description. Clear this checkbox for BOTH definitions.

2. For one Thru definition, in the label and description include the word 'FORWARD' to prompt the operator to use this standard for the forward measurement.  Assign this standard to the SOLT “FWD TRANS” and “FWD MATCH” classes of the cal kit.

3. For the Thru definition, in the label and description include the word 'REVERSE' to prompt the operator to use this standard for the reverse measurement.  Assign this standard to the SOLT “REV TRANS” and “REV MATCH” classes of the cal kit.

4. When you perform SOLT calibrations using this cal kit, the forward measurements of the Thru will be measured in one connection step, and the reverse measurements in another.  

Data-Based Standard

Learn about the relative accuracy of Databased versus Polynomial Cal Kits.

The modified file can then be uploaded into the VNA.

Upload Data From File

Click Load Data File, then navigate to the *.dat or *.dsd file which is provided with the data-based Cal Kit. Both Response data and Accuracy (Uncertainty) data is provided in a single *dat or *.dsd file.

For Advanced Users

Response data can be loaded from a *.s2p or *.cti file.

Confidence factor data can be loaded from a *.cti file. Starting with Option S93015A/B, you can also load data from a *.dsd (S-parameter Data Standard Definition) file. The *.dsd file contains both Response data and Accuracy (Uncertainty) data where the accuracy data is in covariant form. Learn more about Dynamic Uncertainty. The confidence factor helps prioritize standards used during Expanded calibration and is usually related to the standard model uncertainty.

Virtual Device

This checkbox is displayed for a Data-Based cal standard when the standard has been defined to have 2 ports.  

• When Cleared (default) calibration prompts for that standard will include it’s Description. For example “Connect <standard description> between ports 1 and 2”.  

• When Checked, calibration prompts for that standard will NOT include its Description, so the prompt will be worded as if the data-based standard is a zero-length Thru connection. For example “Connect port 1 to port 2”.

Isolation Standard

The pair of loads are considered one standard.

Both loads are connected to the VNA and measured with the same prompt.