Receiver Leveling

Receiver Leveling adjusts the source power until the measured receiver power is equal to the Port Power.

In this topic:

See other 'Setup Measurements' topics

Overview

Receiver Leveling uses receiver measurements to adjust the source power level across a frequency or power sweep. There are three receiver leveling modes: pre-sweep mode, point mode, and prior sweep mode.

Note: Enabling Safe Mode when using receiver leveling may be necessary to ensure stable results.

Receiver Leveling Process

Pre-Sweep Mode

Before each measurement sweep, a variable number of background sweeps are performed to measure and adjust power at the target port.  Those power adjustments are then used to achieve greater source power level accuracy on the final sweep.

This is similar to a Source Power Calibration but because Receiver Leveling is updated for every measurement sweep, it provides more accurate source power levels, but also takes longer to perform each measurement sweep.

  1. For each leveling pre-sweep, port power is measured by the specified receiver. Learn how the initial power level is selected.

  2. The deviation is calculated between the measured power and the port power setting.

  3. The deviation is applied as a power offset on the final sweep.

  4. This pre-sweep process continues until the receiver power at each data point has achieved the port power within the specified tolerance value, or until the specified number of leveling sweeps (iterations) has been reached.

Point Mode (if supported by the hardware)

This mode does not use a pre-sweep. Instead, leveling is performed at the same time each point is acquired.

  1. When the sweep starts, the source is set to the first point and power is read.

  2. If the power is outside the target power tolerance, the source power is adjusted and the point is read again.

  3. If max iterations is reached or the target power is within the tolerance, display the point and move to the next point.

  4. This process repeats for each point.

Prior Sweep Mode

This mode avoids any extra data acquisition. There is no pre-sweep or extra point acquisitions.

This mode uses the data acquired during the prior sweep to compute a power offset for the following sweep. The power continues to be adjusted in this way until the tolerance is met.

  1. Acquire data from the prior sweep.

  2. The deviation is calculated between the measured power and the port power.

  3. The deviation is applied as a power offset on the final sweep.

  4. This process repeats for each successive sweep until the tolerance is reached.

Features and Limitations

Use Receiver Leveling for the following:

Note:  Increase the sweep delay if output power is not accurate when Receiver Leveling is applied to two or more ports.

How to make Receiver Leveling settings

Start the Power and Attenuators dialog box as follows:

Using Hardkey/SoftTab/Softkey

Using a mouse

  1. Press Power > Main > Power and Attenuators....

  2. On the Power and Attenuators dialog, click Receiver Leveling button.

  1. Click Stimulus, Power, then Power and Attenuators.

  2. On the Power and Attenuators dialog, click Receiver Leveling button.

 

Receiver Leveling dialog box help

Learn about Receiver Leveling (scroll up).

Support for Pre-Sweep Mode, Point Mode, and Prior Sweep Mode

The following dialog and descriptions apply to VNAs that support pre-sweep mode, point mode, and prior sweep mode receiver leveling.

Controlled Source (Port)

Each source port to be leveled is configured individually. Select a source to be configured for receiver leveling. Choose from: Port 1, Port 2, or any active external source. Learn more about External Devices.

Enable Leveling - Checkbox enables/disables receiver leveling. The default is disabled (unchecked).

Leveling Receiver - Select a receiver to be used to level the specified source by clicking on the Leveling Receiver pull down menu. Choose from a VNA Receiver or Ext. Device (PMAR).

For a VNA Receiver, choose from any VNA receiver using standard or receiver notation.

To level power at the source output or DUT input choose the reference receiver for the source port. For example, to level the source power at port 1, then choose "R1". To level power at the DUT output, choose the receiver that is used to measure the DUT output. If the DUT output is connected to port 2, then select "B" or 'b2". Learn about Receiver Notation.

When Phase Control is enabled, the ratioed receivers used in Phase Control are selected and can NOT be changed. However, the Reference Source CAN also be selected for Receiver Leveling.

For Ext Device type, choose a configured PMAR device.

Leveling Type - Sets the receiver leveling type:

Pre-Sweep - Leveling sweeps are performed in the background (not visible) before every measurement sweep to measure and apply source correction data.

Point - Leveling is performed per point. If the point is outside the tolerance, the source power is adjusted and the point is read again. This process is repeated until the leveling receiver reports that the target power is within tolerance (or the maximum iteration setting is reached). When the iteration is done, it moves immediately to the next point.

Prior Sweep - Disables the receiver leveling search function. After the first sweep, receiver leveling reads the data and computes the correction for each point in an attempt to reach the target power level. The calculated offset is used for the next sweep. This process is repeated to improve receiver leveling for successive sweeps.

Controlled Source Setup

Max Power  Always limits the maximum power out of the source to this value. The message: Power set to Max Power appears when this limit is reached.

If the maximum port power out of the VNA is reached at any time during the leveling sweeps, the following message appears: Power set to user power limit.

Min Power  Always limits the minimum power out of the source to this value. The message: Power set to Min Power appears when this limit is reached. When Safe Mode is enabled, this value is used as the initial power level for the leveling loop process.

Note: The MAX/MIN limit is always used regardless of the safe mode state. In addition, the MAX/MIN limit is for port power and related to power offset. If the power offset is not set correctly, the MAX/MIN limit is not correct and it may impact the leveling. Ensure that the power offset in the channel is the same as power offset during calibration. If the exact power offset is not known, choose a limit for source and then it will not be related to power offset.

Enable Safe Mode Leveling Using Max Step Size

To protect your DUT and ensure stable results, these settings control the extent to which the source power will be changed to achieve the port power as measured at the reference receiver. These settings could be necessary when using external components with a large variation in frequency response (flatness).

When checked:

  • The Min source output is used as the initial power level for the leveling loop process.

  • The controlled source is never stepped more than the Max source step size.

When cleared:

  • The initial power for the leveling loop may be determined by the Min source output, the Max source output, the last setting of the leveling loop, or the target value of the leveling loop.  See Initial Power below.

  • The Max source step size is ignored.

Max source step size

When Safe Mode is enabled, the change in source power at each data point from one sweep to the next is limited to this value. For example, assume Safe Mode is enabled, and Max Power Step is set to 1 dB.  On the first leveling sweep, the first data point measures 3 dB lower than the port power, then source power for data point 1 will be increased by 1 dB for the next sweep, and likely for the following two sweeps.

Update Source Power Calibration with Leveling Data  Available only when using an RF Source and VNA receiver.

  • When checked, the latest correction data is copied to the Source Power Cal correction array. When Leveling Mode is switched back to Internal (on the Power and Attenuators dialog), Source Power Cal is automatically turned ON using this correction data.

  • When cleared, Source Power Cal is NOT turned ON when Leveling Mode is switched back to Internal.

Source ALC Hardware (Not available on E505xA)

  • Internal- Internal ALC leveling and Receiver Leveling

  • Open Loop- Not available.

Leveling Receiver Setup

Leveling Tolerance  The source is considered leveled when each stimulus data point has achieved the power level +/- (plus or minus) this tolerance value.

Leveling Max Iterations  If every stimulus data point does NOT achieve the port power after this number of leveling sweeps, the measurement sweep occurs using the correction values obtained from the last leveling sweep. The message: Not settled, noisy trace appears when the Max Iterations is reached. If you see this message, you can increase the Max Iterations, reduce the IFBW, or increase the Tolerance setting.

Note: Max Iterations can no longer be set to zero. Instead, select Prior Sweep mode to disable the receiver leveling search function. In this way, there will be no pre-sweep for the receiver leveling, but the value of the receiver data will be used to correct the next sweep. This provides a post sweep correction and can be useful for correcting slow drift in a system where a booster amplifier or open loop ALC is used, without adding pre-sweeps to the sweep-acquisitions.

 

Leveling Receiver Frequency - Available ONLY when the selected receiver is a VNA Receiver or power meter. This setting determines which receiver frequencies are measured. Choose from:

Note: LO Leveling is not supported.

  • Auto - always uses the frequency range that is assigned to the measurement receiver.

  • FOM Receiver - FOM Receiver frequency range. Learn more about Frequency Offset Mode.

  • FOM Source - FOM Source frequency range.

  • DUT Input - Mixer/Converter input frequency range.

  • DUT Output - Mixer/Converter output frequency range.

  • FOM Primary - Current Active Channel settings.

Leveling IFBW  Available only for VNA receivers. By default, the IFBW for the leveling sweeps is set to 100 kHz. Learn more about IFBW.

  • Increase this value to make faster, but noisier leveling sweeps.

  • Decrease this value to maker slower, more repeatable leveling sweeps.

  • Uncheck the box to use the same IFBW as the measurement sweeps.

Leveling Noise BW - (SA multitone and Modulation Distortion channel only) Sets the receiver noise bandwidth value for leveling at pre-sweep. Noise bandwidth is equal to the Resolution bandwidth divided by the Vector Average factor.

Carrier Aperture Span/Offset - (SA multione Modulation Distortion channel only) Enabling the aperture settings will measure the power more quickly by reducing the span of the measurement during the pre-sweep. Enter the span and offset of the frequency aperture used to measure the signal power. Since the ideal modulation signal is known, the total power is calculated from this value.

 

Initial Power Selection

For each displayed data point, the leveling algorithm must select an initial power to begin the iteration process.  This value is chosen as follows:

Where:

PInit = the initial power for the iteration process.

PFinal = the final power setting from the previous leveled sweep.

PMin = the minimum controlled source output level as specified in the Receiver leveling setup.

PMax = the maximum controlled source output level as specified in the Receiver leveling setup.

PTarget = the target power level for the selected leveling receiver.