Swept IMD for Converters (IMDx)


Other IMD Topics

IMDx Concepts

Conceptually, Swept IMD for Converters (IMDx) is like IMD for Amplifiers, except that there are two sets of products on the DUT output.

This image shows the simplest measurement configuration: the Input, LO, and Output are all CW frequencies.

With IMDx, you can view EITHER the High side or Low side products; NOT BOTH.

Make this selection on the Mixer Frequency tab.

High side (Input PLUS LO and all ordered products)

Low side (Input MINUS LO and all ordered products)

Requirements and Limitations

Swept IMDx requires Swept IMD (Opt S9x087A/B).

The following VNA features are NOT available with Swept IMDx:

Note: Beginning with A.09.00, Embedded LO measurements are allowed in IMDx and IMSpectrum. Configure the measurement as you would with SMC. Learn how.

How to Configure your Hardware

The VNA is extremely versatile, and can be configured in many ways to make IMDx measurements. While not all conceivable configurations are documented here, a few of the most common examples are provided to show the basic concepts.

DUT Configuration

Source Configuration

Three sources are required to make IMDx measurements: Two sources are VNA internal; the third is an external source.

Configuration Examples

Three configurations are shown below to illustrate how to use the Path Configurator to manually make switch settings.

IMDx and IMx Spectrum channels are ALWAYS configured using the default configuration switch settings shown in the image below.  This is NOT the same default configuration that is used for an S-parameter channel.  A manual switch setting is required whenever a custom configuration is used.

The manual switch setting, which must be done every time an IMDx or IMx Spectrum channel is created, can be saved using the Store button in the Path Configurator.  Then save the entire IMDx setup as an Instrument State. This will load the custom Path Configuration when the Instrument State is recalled.

1. Default Configuration  No manual switching required.

2. External LO though Port 3 or Port 4  (4-port VNA only)

Use this configuration to monitor LO power using R3 or R4. (Future parameters)

3. Internal LO through Port 3 or Port 4; External f2 through rear-panel  (4-port VNA only)

This configuration is commonly used for FCA measurements where the internal second source is used as the LO.

Create a Swept IMDx Measurement

  1. Press Meas > S-Param > Meas Class....

  2. Select Swept IMD Converters, then either:

  1. A Swept IMDx measurement is displayed. To select additional parameters to display, click Response, then Measure, then select a parameter from the list.

How to start the Swept IMDx Setup dialog

Using Hardkey/SoftTab/Softkey

Using a mouse

  1. Press Freq > Main >  IMDX Setup....

  1. Click Stimulus

  2. Select IMDX Setup...

Valid Mixer Configuration / Sweep Type Combinations

Tips

Although you will soon become comfortable navigating these tabs, at first it may be best to complete the dialog in the following order:

  1. On the Tone Frequency tab, set the Sweep Type and Tone Frequencies.

  2. On the Mixer Frequency tab, set a valid mixer configuration.

 

The following are the Valid Mixer Configurations in table format:

Sweep Type

Input

LO

Output

Swept Input  (Fixed Tones)

Sweep fc

Swept

Swept

Fixed

Swept

Fixed

Swept

All Ranges Fixed

CW

Sweep Delta F

(Tone) Power Sweep

LO Power Sweep

Fixed

Fixed

Fixed

Fixed Input / Swept LO & Output

CW

Fixed

Swept

Swept

For determining a valid mixer configuration with 2 LOs, one Fixed LO and one Swept is equivalent to having a single-stage Swept LO.

If you create an invalid Sweep Type / Mixer Configuration, a red message appears like the following:

SWEPT Input - Sweeps the center frequency of the tones, but the tone spacing remains fixed.  

On the Tone Frequency tab, select Sweep fc

FIXED Input  - The center frequency of the tones is fixed.

On the Tone Frequency tab select Fixed for the following sweep type:

All Ranges FIXED - The center frequency of the tones is fixed.

On the Tone Frequency tab select Fixed for the following sweep types:

Setup Dialog

The following tabs are shared with the Swept IMD Setup dialog:

The following tabs are shared with all Mixer / Converter Applications

Tone Frequency tab - Swept IMDx Setup -dialog box help

Learn about this dialog.

 

Tone Power tab - Swept IMDx Setup -dialog box help

Learn about this dialog.

 

Mixer Frequency tab - Swept IMDx Setup -dialog box help

Learn about this dialog

 

Mixer Setup tab - Swept IMDx Setup -dialog box help

Converter Stages  Choose from 1 or 2 stage DUT (# of LOs).

Converter Model

Learn how to configure an external source and combiner to make Swept IMD and IMDx measurements.

f1  Always uses VNA internal source 1.

(DUT Input) Port N  (Red circle in image)  Normally Port 1 is used. This selection is available to allow the two tones to be routed through port 3 on 4-port VNA models. Learn more.

f2  Select a source to be used for the f2 tone. This selection is available when an external source is configured and the Active box is checked on the External Source Configuration dialog.

LO1 (and LO2 for 2-stage DUTs)  Select the source to use for the specified LO. Available for selection when an external source is configured and the Active box is checked on the External Source Configuration dialog.

(DUT Output) Port N  Available for selection on 4-port VNA models. Select the VNA port to connect to the DUT Output.

Fractional Multipliers - Learn more.

Hardware Configuration

Add Source  Click to configure an external source using the External Source Configuration dialog.

Path Configuration  Click to launch the Path Configuration dialog (PNA-X models only).

 

Mixer (LO) Power tab - Swept IMD Setup -dialog box help

Learn about this dialog

 

How to add Swept IMDx Parameters

Using Hardkey/SoftTab/Softkey

Using a mouse

  1. Press Trace, then select trace.

  2. Press Meas, then select a parameter.

  1. Click Instrument, Trace, Add Trace.

  2. Click Response, Meas, then select a parameter.

IMDx New Trace dialog box help

This dialog is shared with Swept IMD for Amplifiers.

Learn about this dialog.

IMDx Calibration

Calibration for IMDx is exactly the same as calibration for IMD with the following exception:

The results of an IMDx calibration are very similar to the results that are achieved from an SMC calibration.